Annotated Bibliography

Secondary Sources

"Affirmative Action." CCRH. CCRH Organization, 27 Mar. 1974. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. <http://www.ccrh.org/comm/camas/primary%20doc/affirmative%20Action.htm.>.

The author is not noted but it is stated that the organization was called “Crown Zellerbach Program” which about under-utilization, and is credible. The article is a testament to how far America has come from the Jim Crow laws, and why. The article mostly focused on the under-utilization of ethnic minority in the work force. The perspective is from more of a group point of view, and it makes sense due to the fact that it was a collaboration. Although the document is secondary it provides the paradigm seldom seen, a group perspective.

"Affirmative action." Economic Times 8 Dec. 2009. General OneFile. Web. 4 Jan. 2010. <http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/start.do?prodId=ITOF&userGroupName=kcls_web>.

This source was mostly about how affirmative action is being implemented today, it was a short article that gave one story of how it is being argued. The source is fairly credible because it was found on a gale database. There is not a whole lot I can use directly from this source because it was so short; it mostly served as a general overview of how affirmative action affects us today. However, there was mention of the Bakke case that seems necessary for me to research.

“Affirmative Action”. IHYPERLINK "http://go.galegroup.com/ps/aboutEbook.do?pubDate=120080000&actionString=DO_DISPLAY_ABOUT_PAGE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=kcls_web&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=GALE%7C1RIY"nternational Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. p30-32.

This source was very useful because it gave an overall history of important decisions made surrounding affirmative action. Specifically, it dealt with the clauses in the policies that were most debated such as quotas. The source is credible because it was published in an encyclopedia and also had an editor to check the information. I can use this source for the fourth argument where we argue that Brown v. Board inadvertently caused affirmative action because this source gives the decisions that followed Brown v. Board. We will be able to discuss whether they directly align with the Brown decision or if they should be altogether separate.

Ball, Howard. A Defiant Life: Thurgood Marshall and the Persistence of Racism in America. New York: Crown Publishers, 1998. Print.

Basically, this source gave an overview of a couple of cases that immediately followed the decision in Brown v. Board. It dealt specifically with cases that Thurgood Marshall fought to keep up Brown v. Board. The source is credible because Howard Ball has an education in the history of affirmative action as well as the book was published by a famed publisher, Crown Publishers. The most specific things I will use from this is looking at how exactly the Brown case impacted the future cases.

BELL, DERRICK A. "Desegregation." Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Ed. Leonard W. Levy and Kenneth L. Karst. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2000. 771-774. American History Reference Collection. Gale. King County Library System. Web. 26 Jan. 2010. HYPERLINK "http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL.americanhistory&u=kcls_web" http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL.americanhistory&u=kcls_web

This article on desegregation in the US focused on the post reconstruction era and the racial relations leading up to the Brown v. Board case. Located through the American History Reference Collection by Gale databases, this source and author are credible in their information. The interpretations of racial relations could be used when referring to the period before the case decision in our project.

Bond, Julian. NAACP : Celebrating a Century : 100 Years in Pictures. Layton: Gibbs Smith, 2009. Print.

In this book on the NAACP was somewhat of a timeline that included many pictures and primary sources within the book. The area I specifically looked at was in the years prior to the Brown decision, and some of the photographs from this period. These photographs are primary sources taken from the actual time period of this case and are credible primary sources from the NAACP. The images are interesting and informative, and I will use the actual image or reference them in my final project.

"Brown vs. Board of Education - Background Summary." Brownvboard.org. 11 Apr. 2004. Web. 29 Dec. 2009. <http://brownvboard.org/summary/>.

This source had some good facts and secondary information regarding the historical context and perspective of the case and the general information about Brown v. Board’s significance in US History. This is a credible website dedicated specifically to the case itself and educating others about this innovation. This is good information to begin my research and I will need to know this information for my final project.

"Brown v. Board of Education (I), U.S. Supreme Court Case." Oyez.org. The Oyez Project. Web. 29 Dec. 2009. <http://www.oyez.org/cases/1950-1959/1952/1952_1/>.

This source is a fact based government documentation of the US Supreme Court case. It explains the main background information and the key arguments of the case, along with the conclusion. It was written for The Oyez Project, which offers accurate government documentation of court cases. This background information will be important to explaining the physical aspects and historical context of the case.

"Brown V. Board of Education, 1954." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr.. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 373-377. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. King County Library System. Web. 26 Jan. 2010. HYPERLINK "http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=kcls_web" http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=kcls_web

This source focused on the initial impact of to the case ruling. It described how whites began losing their power as the superior race, and in reaction to this white supremacist groups increased activity. This source was found through the Gale Virtual Reference Library. Information regarding initial impact could be used in our project.

"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 29 Dec. 2009. <HYPERLINK "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/81780/Brown-v-Board-of-Education-of-Topeka"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/81780/Brown-v-Board-of-Education-of-Topeka>.

In this article on the Brown case, the main topics that are covered are the basics of the Brown case such as the unanimous court decision as well as explanations of the lawyers and main arguments of the case. Authors of the respected Encyclopedia Britannica compiled this secondary source. This is information I will need to know for my final project and for looking up future sources; both secondary and primary.

Brown II, M. Christopher and Saran Donahoo. "Affirmative Action Compliance in Higher Education." Encyclopedia of Education. Ed. James W. Guthrie. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. 61-65. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. King County Library System. 3 Jan. 2010 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=kcls_web>.

Overall this source was very useful for the impact and change of the Brown v. Board because it dealt mostly with how affirmative action is perceived today. By dealing directly with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and how it has applied to different cases since its enactment, I was able to understand how many affirmative action policies were shaped. The source is credible because it was found on a gale database and comes from encyclopedia with an editor and two authors. For my project specifically, this source provided background on the Bakke case as well as a couple of cases that dealt with future educational hearings. This will help with the impact on the work force and educational systems as well as how Brown shaped affirmative action.

Cohen, Carl/ Sterba, James. Affirmative Action and Racial Preference: A debate. New York: Oxford, 2003. Print.

This source is all direct quotes from a debate between Carl Cohen who is a professor of philosophy, and James Sterba who has published over 24 books and is also a professor of philosophy. This whole debate is a consideration of affirmative action in today’s society; where both participate in a “point, counter-point” debate. This is very important to understand because it is a philosophical debate, which brings out a much more artiistics side of the two professors. This source is ridiculously credible, and shows the thoughts of two university professors who have seemingly endless amounts of knowledge on the topic of Affirmative Action.

Curry, George E. The Affirmative Action Debate. New York City: HarperCollins, 1996. Print.

This is a viable source because it is a published book by a man with a degree in the affairs that the book deals with. Furthermore, since it was published and reviewed by an editor, it is more credible. The book looked back on the case of Brown v. Board very little, but rather focused more on what affirmative action looks like now. It was useful because it shed insight into the impact of Brown v. Board but even more so into the change that can be traced back to the case. Thus it ties directly back to the theme, impact and change, and our topic of the effect Brown v. Board on affirmative action.

Du Bois, W.E.B. "The Conservation of Races." Gutenberg.org. Project Gutenberg. Web. 11 Nov. 2009. <http://gutenberg.readingroo.ms/etext04/conra10.txt>.

This source was a primary article written by Du Bois on his philosophies about keeping the African American race powerful and together, and not falling to the same fate as the Native Americans. This is a credible primary source because it was written by Du Bois himself, and it expresses his views about racism and discrimination during the time period before Brown v. Board. I will be able to use a primary source quote from here in my outline and final project.

"Education: Forced Busing and White Flight." Time. Time, 25 Sept. 1978. Web. 09 Feb. 2010. <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912178-1,00.html>.

The author is not noted in the document, but it is a direct story from a time magazine in the 1978 and the author is a credible source from the time magazine industry. The article mostly speaks about “forced busing” and the constitution of “white flight. The article speaks to the vast complications of Affirmative Action, and it is all from the point of view of a journalist living during integration, the source is secondary but provides an important paradigm that is seldom seen today.

"Federal Affirmative Action Law: A Brief History." Fpc.state.gov. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. HYPERLINK "http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/53577.pdf" http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/53577.pdf

This cite is extremely credible due to the fact that it is a six page review of many bills pertaining to Affirmative Action, the cite is a goldmine for useful information. The cite explains many important bills including Bakke, then shows their own beliefs on the subjects. I can use these explanations to help make my arguments stronger, and to make my own explanations better.

"Grutter Decision." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr.. Vol. 3. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 392-393. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. King County Library System. 3 Jan. 2010 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=kcls_web>.

In this fascinating source was the overview of two cases that essentially shaped affirmative action for a period of time. The two cases were Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger, one dealing with overall acceptance into a university and the other with in a graduate admittance. This will help my argument that Brown did not virtually set up affirmative action, it just evolved into it and that it has to be revised constantly with new court cases. Source credibility lies in the fact that this was attained from gale on KCLS’s databases and that it comes from an encyclopedia on social sciences. Since it dealt with social sciences, it is particularly credible for my project because the Brown case was a case decided by psychological tests.

Loevy, Robert D. The Civil Rights Act of 1964. Albany: State University of New York, 1997. Print.

The section from this book that I viewed explains about the impact and aftermath of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Thus, I gained an overall understanding of affirmative action and how it ties back to Brown v. Board. This book was found in the Odegaard library at the University of Washington and published by NYSU. I will use this information when referring to some of the policies instated after the Brown decision regarding minorities and ethnic equality.

Ogletree, Charles J. All Deliberate Speed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2004. Print.

In this book, Ogletree goes in depth into the meaning of the phrase “all deliberate speed” and explains what it meant for the victory of the Brown case. This is a credible source published in New York, and located in the UW library at Odegaard. I can use this information in my project by applying it to the initial impact of the decision and how the process was in fact a slow and drawn out process.

Patterson, James T. “Pivotal moments in American History: Brown v. Board of Education.” Print.

This article is extremely credible because it not only written by a professor from Brown, but also revised and edited by many scholarly types. The source contains a vary important paradigm that is seldom seen; knowledgeable and historical. The book is speaking to the both street movements of Affirmative Action and the Congressional boards efforts to improve the movement. This source is very useful to show how many feel about Affirmative Action, from the normal man and from the prestigious.

"Pivotal moments in Alabama." ADAH: Alabama Moments. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. <http://www.alabamamoments.state.al.us/sec46det.html>.

Like most websites there has been no citation of who the exact author is because there are many people who attributed to the website itself. The whole website shows pivotal moments dealing with affirmative action that occurred in Alabama, including sections of primary sources and secondary sources. This makes the cite extremely useful. Like I mentioned in my previous point, I found that the cite provides primary and secondary source difference.

"Plessy v. Ferguson." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 29 Dec. 2009 <HYPERLINK "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464679/Plessy-v-Ferguson"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464679/Plessy-v-Ferguson>.

This source gave general background information about the Plessy Fergusson case, the precedent to the Brown case. The Encyclopedia Britannica is a credible source, that contains accurate information on this online article. I will use this source to explain segregation laws before the innovation of Brown v. Board.

Tushnet, Mark V. "Civil Rights Act of 1964." Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. Vol. 2. 3rd ed. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 195-197. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. King County Library System. 11 Jan. 2010 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=kcls_web>.

Although short, this article will prove very necessary to our project. It offered the direct clauses included in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as well as a short summary of what it meant and what it has done. Since clause seven of it is considered to many to be the heart of most cases made for and against affirmative action, knowing the clause is important for our project that is about affirmative action. The source is credible because it came from Gale through KCLS and offers rather unbiased summaries. Moreover, it will serve mostly as a primary source. An original document shows no biased as it was a law that passed into effect many years ago.

Williams, Juan. Eyes on the Prize 1954-1965. New York: Viking, 1987. Print.

The pages I looked at in this book by Williams explained how the lawyers of the Brown v. Board case used more of a sociology approach rather than an intellectual approach to argue the case. It also included the reaction of the NAACP and the black Americans. Eyes on the Prize was made by PBS and this book was published by Viking. I will most likely use this information to explain about how the case was argued and how some Southerners reacted to it.

Williams, Juan. Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary. New York: Times Book, 1998. Print.

This source was fantastic, one of the best yet, because it gave a fantastic overview of the time period in which Brown v. Board was decided. From the new president to opinions from all around, everything was included. The source is credible because it published by a renowned publisher by a highly educated author on the subject of affirmative action, Juan Williams. Primarily, this source offered direct quotes about personal opinions during and after the decision. This provides for the immediate impact of the decision.

"Working Wounded." Abc.com. Abc, 16 Oct. 2003. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. <http://abcnews.go.com/Business/WorkingWounded/story?id=86231&page=1>.

Bob Rosner is a best selling author who is also a columnist at ABC news. Although sometimes he can lean to the non-serious side, I found that his explanation of title VII to be spot on. The article is showing what title VII means to many Americans, it shows the paradigm, which needs to be shown, what current Americans believe about title VII. The Article is a little useful, and I will use it in my arguments but not excessively.

Primary Sources

Dwight, Eisenhower D. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. American Experience. 17 May 1954. 2 February 2010 < http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/ 34_eisenhower/psources/ps_brownvboard.html>.

Overall this source gave the presidential opinion of the whole situation, meaning it was somewhat difficult to understand at parts because it attempted to please everyone. It was, however, useful because it offered the opinion to a certain extent of the reining president while Brown v. Board was passed. The source is credible because it is a primary source, it was actually said by President Eisenhower, and it was obtained from PBS, a renown publisher of historical information.

Human and Civil Rights: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and K. Lee Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 451-455. Primary Sources Reference Collection. Gale. King County Library System. Web. 4 Feb. 2010. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL.primarysources&u=kcls_web

This primary source is the actual official statement written by the court regarding the Brown v. Board case. It explains that Chief Justice Warren delivered the opinion of the court, stating that segregation laws had now place in public education and were unconstitutional. This is a credible source because it is a direct opinion of the court, found through the Gale Primary Sources Reference Collection. Quotes from this source may be used in our final project, such as the official statement.

Kennedy, Robert. "Statement by the Attorney General." JFK Library. 27 SEP 1962. 2 FEB 2010 <Library.org/meredith/controfr.html>.

In general, this was a very short and simple statement offered by Robert Kennedy. It addressed the fear of violence following acts of affirmative action that were beginning to take place after the decision of Brown v. Board. The source was useful because it gave the government’s opinion on affirmative action, relevant to the time period. Clearly, the source is reliable because it is a government document. It was posted on the JKF Library sight through PBS, well thought of groups, and it was simply a scanned copy of the statement.

King, Dr. Martin Luther "Nonviolence and Racial Justice." The Christian Century, February 6, 1957. Feburary 2, 2010 <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/sources/ps_nonviolence.html>.

This source was an opinion offered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. himself on the topic of Affirmative Action. It was useful because it offered a direct opinion on the subject during its first days by someone who was closely tied to its affairs. The document is reliable because it was published on PBS’s primary source page and comes from a published book. Since it was scanned onto the computer from the book, it comes untainted and as the publisher intended.

Mann, Judy. "Affirmative Action's Long Record." Social Policy: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 415-418. Social Issues Reference Collection. Gale. King County Library System. 11 Jan. 2010 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL.socialissues&u=kcls_web>.

From the beginning it was clear that this source would give an in depth review of the origin of affirmative action. Beginning with when the term was first coined and what the nation was like at the time were clear indications that this could prove useful to our project. Particularly, this source gave direct opinions of many of those living in the late 50’s and 60’s that were under the fiercest affirmative action policies. The source is credible because it came from gale and the woman who wrote it has extensive knowledge, proven by her degrees, in civil rights affairs. Furthermore, this is credible because it offers the primary sources that she interpreted so we can interpret it for ourselves as well.

Thurgood, Marshall. Thurgood Marshall : his speeches, writings, arguments, opinions, and reminiscence. Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 2001. Print.

This source was basically an overview of the Brown v. Board Case, offering a number of official statements made by the Supreme Court and other lower courts. Since Thrugood Marshall himself wrote the book, he also gave inside information into his arguments and how they won the case. Furthermore, as Thurgood Marshall was the attorney that argued and won the case for Brown and the NAACP, he is a Primary Source. By offering the information himself it is reliable, but bound to be bias based on his strong opinions that helped him win the case. The usefulness of this source falls in two places. First, the source provided more cases to research and an overview of how the case was won and begun to set up affirmative action. Secondly, direct Supreme Court and lower court statements were issued that can be quoted to support our argument.

"Thurgood Marshall". American Political Leaders. 01 Jan 2001. eLibrary. Web. 26 Jan 2010.

In this article I found some general information regarding Thurgood Marshall and his legacy from the Brown case. I came across this secondary source on eLibrary, a credible database that had good information about this key figure. At some point I will need to reference Marshall in my project, and I will use some

information from this source in my project.

Media Sources

Images

Affirmative Action Protest. Photograph. Wordpress.com. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. <http://xjtian94.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/affirmative-action-protest.jpg>.

We chose this picture because it conveys who the new protesters are, while they might be against affirmative action and not Brown v. Board it is still important to understand what both sides of the spectrum believe in regards to racial equality.

Angry Mob Watches as the Body of a Lynched African American Man Burns. Photograph. NY. Mrlincolnandnewyork.org. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. <http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/photo_credits.asp?photoID=384&subjectID=4&ID=93>.

This is another emotion invoking picture. We chose to use this picture to show why Brown v. Board was not just a landmark case, but it was a necessary case. Lynchings were public displays of violence used for the soul purpose of terrorizing others.

Brown v. Board. Photograph. Loc.gov. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/images/br0083s.jpg>.

This is a picture of the Brown v. Board conclusion, we chose it because it showcases what was thought of the bill. Finding a picture would invoke a much greater response from the reader because it was the original document and not just the written words of the bill.

Burt Glinn. USA. Arkansas. Little Rock. 1957. Reporter interviewing one of the "Little Rock Nine."Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas was set to begin the 1957 school year desegregated. The G (PAR167611). Magnum Photos. 01 Jan. 1957. eLibrary. Web. 04 Apr. 2010. HYPERLINK "http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/elibweb/elib/do/document?set=search&dictionaryClick=&secondaryNav=&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=15&edition=&ts=22216FC03051CAF66452129D46C43D44_1270410246323&start=1&publicationId=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3" http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/elibweb/elib/do/document?set=search&dictionaryClick=&secondaryNav=&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=15&edition=&ts=22216FC03051CAF66452129D46C43D44_1270410246323&start=1&publicationId=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B110832366

"Civil Rights Act 1964." Our Documents. Gov. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. <http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=97>.

We chose to incorporate this picture because we believed that people needed to see the Civil Rights Act Bill because seeing the bill in its original form helps the reader understand the bill in a better sense.

High Court Bans Segregation. Photograph. Culturequest.us. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. HYPERLINK "http://www.culturequest.us/ecomm/annstillman/Steps.jpg" http://www.culturequest.us/ecomm/annstillman/Steps.jpg

This is a picture which shows a mother and her child rejoicing outside of the supreme court, holding a newspaper which states “High Court Bans Segregation In Public Schools” We chose this picture because it encompasses the great victory of Brown v. Board, an emotion which needs to be addressed.

HO. US-SUPREME COURT-BROWN. Agence France Presse. 17 May. 2004. eLibrary. Web. 02 Apr. 2010. <http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/elibweb/elib/do/document?urn=urn:bigchalk:US%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B94628960>.

We used this image of Marshall, Hayes and Nabri celebrating after the Supreme Court decision in our Innovation section. It shows the Lawyers’ jubilance after winning the landmark decision.

KKK March 1925. Photograph. Freemasonry.bcy.ca. Free Masonry. Web. <http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/kkk_1925.jpg>.

This picture is an extremely important because it conveys the KKK’s march on the capital. We chose to use this picture to showcase the need for change in the segregation policies.

Liptak, Adam. Brown v. Board. Photograph. Womensrightsny.com. NY. Web. <http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://womensrightsny.com/blawg/graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2006/12/10/weekinreview/10liptak.600.jpg&imgrefurl=http://womensrightsny.com/blawg/archive/2006/12/revisiting_brown_v_board_what.html&usg=__k5dVAdg3peqd9GcGCpYWBTc4IGI=&h=320&w=600&sz=65&hl=en&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=RAbZiHfq3YM25M:&tbnh=72&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3DBrown%2Bv%2Bboard%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dsafari%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Den-us%26tbs%3Disch:1>.

We used this picture to convey the feelings of American students across the country when integration was in its first stages. This is extremely important because it encompasses the feelings that many students have, a picture which could never be represented through words.

Little Rock Desegregation. Photograph. Blog.mywonderfulworld.org. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. <http://blog.mywonderfulworld.org/2009/02/11/Little_Rock_Desegregation_1957.jpg>.

This picture showcases the personal journey which each of the black students enrolled at Little Rock high school had to go through. We chose to use this picture because it holds great historical significance as well as emotional response. The picture brings to mind the changing American setting, which is another reason why we chose it.

MLK Day 2001 Rally & March. 2001. Photograph. BAMN Gallery, Ann Arbor.

<http://www.bamn.com/gallery/gallery-launch.asp?11>.

This image shows the street protesters the day before the Grutter v. Bollinger trial in Ann Arbor, Michigan. We used this picture to show how minorities wanted to defend affirmative action and continue to receive its benefits.

No Dogs, Negroes, Mexicans. Photograph. Ferris.edu. Ferris State University. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. <http://www.ferris.edu/JIMCROW/what.htm>.

We chose this picture for the emotional shock that is provided with it. The notion of segregated property is bad enough, but juxtaposing dogs with people to show how worthless they are is nothing more than terrible.

Inheritance. Photograph. Tamaim.com. Academy of Integrated Humanities. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. http://www.tamaim.com/images/brownvboardposter.jpg.

This image compilation was used on our introduction page to show the victory of desegregation that African American’s won through the Supreme Court’s decision. It also portrays the struggle of the process of integration

STAFF. A black student, Nathaniel Steward, 17, recites hi. Getty Images. 21 May. 1954. eLibrary. Web. 04 Apr. 2010. < HYPERLINK "http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/51952105" http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/51952105>

This is another picture that portrays not only the visual aspects of integration but also the feelings. The picture is much more than a picture, it conveys the new classroom setting, an equal classroom.

Ten Days That Shook the Nation. Digital image. Www.art.com. Art.com Inc. Web. <http://www.art.com/products/p10085158-sa-i857404/ten-days-that-shook-the-nation-brown-v-board-of-education.htm?aff=conf&ctid=940969812&rfid=750815&tkid=0&>.

This picture was used in our conclusion slide because it is an artist’s compilation of a famous photograph with the addition of a newspaper and additional pictures. It is a good image to sum up Brown v. Board in its essence.

The Spread of Jim Crows Laws in the South 1875-1909. Map. Category, 2006. eLibrary. Web. 04 Apr. 2010.

This map shows the states which had Jim Crow laws instilled into their law. This historically significant photo shows how the south needed to change as fast as possible in order to sustain a healthy quality of life for all people living there.

Musician Images

Duke Ellington. Photograph. R0ck0n.com. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. <http://r0ck0n.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/duke-ellington.jpg>.

For each Musician we chose to include a picture to help the reader see whom the song was made by visually, to help with the learning process of our product.

Ennio Morricone. Photograph. Blog Spot. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_au0oAl5c0M4/SYJxvGUHKkI/AAAAAAAABBg/5ZnFvodgwzw/s400/morricone.jpg>.

For each Musician we chose to include a picture to help the reader see whom the song was made by visually, to help with the learning process of our product.

John Coltrane. Photograph. Ncssm.edu. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. <http://www.ncssm.edu/library/dirt/Graham%20Mulvaney/john_coltrane.jpg>.

For each Musician we chose to include a picture to help the reader see whom the song was made by visually, to help with the learning process of our product.

Louis Armstrong. Photograph. Library.thinkquest.org. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. <http://library.thinkquest.org/08aug/01914/louis_armstrong_by_sablan_bruni3.jpg>

For each Musician we chose to include a picture to help the reader see whom the song was made by visually, to help with the learning process of our product.

Sam Cooke. Photograph. Wordpress.com. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. <http://adeli.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/withss1.jpg>.

For each Musician we chose to include a picture to help the reader see whom the

song was made by visually, to help with the learning process of our product.

Thelonious Monk. Photograph. Jazz.com. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. <http://www.jazz.com/assets/2007/10/27/thelonious_monk_1_1.JPG>.

For each Musician we chose to include a picture to help the reader see whom the

song was made by visually, to help with the learning process of our product.

Music

Armstrong, Louis. "Dream a Little Dream of Me." 1950. MP3.

This song by Louis Armstrong was played on our Conclusion page.

Armstrong, Louis. "What a Wonderful World." Rec. 1 Jan. 1968. Bob Thiele. MP3.

We used this song on the Innovation page to capture the jubilance of African Americans who had overturned the segregated “separate but equal” doctrine.

Coltrane, John. “Giant Steps”. Rec. 1 Apr. 1959. Atlantic. MP3.

We used this song on our Introduction page.

Cooke, Sam. “A Change is Gonna Come.” Rec. 1964. Ain’t That Good News.

We used this song in our opening page. We felt that it capture this year’s theme of impact and change, and how Brown v. Board was an innovation in history.

Monk, Thelonious. “Blue Monk”. 1957. MP3.

We used this song on the Impact and Change page of our website.

Morricone, Ennio. "Ecstasy of Gold." Sergio Leone Suite: The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly. 1966. MP3.

This song was used to portray the tone of the Plessy era before the Brown innovation.

Duke Ellington. “Satin Doll”. Strayhorn, Billy. 1953. MP3.

This song was used on the Affirmative Action page of the website.

Video

"KKK March On Washington DC 1928." Youtube.com. Web. 4 Apr. 2010. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYh8MOnAgv8>.

We spent extra time on the creation of this video because it shows how important the passage of Brown v. Board was. We thought that the video would prove to people that change was a necessity in order to make the quality of life better for each and every American not just one group.